Class 12 Political Science - BIHAR
Recent Developments in Indian Politics
The chapter 'Recent Developments in Indian Politics' explores the major political shifts in India since the 1980s. It covers the end of the Congress system, the rise of coalition governments, the implementation of the Mandal Commission recommendations, the growth of communal politics and the Ayodhya dispute, and the emergence of a new consensus among political parties focusing on economic growth and regional aspirations. For Bihar (BSEB) Class 12 board exams, this chapter is crucial as it explains the transition from single-party dominance to multi-party alliances, heavily impacting modern Indian democratic governance.
Start Learning FreeKey Concepts
Era of Coalition Governments
A period beginning in 1989 where no single party won a clear majority, forcing regional and national parties to form alliances to govern at the Center.
Mandal Commission and Reservation
The implementation of job reservations for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in 1990, which transformed social justice politics and empowered backward castes, particularly in states like Bihar.
Rise of Communalism and Ayodhya Dispute
The mobilization around the Ram Janmabhoomi movement leading to the demolition of the Babri Masjid in 1992, reshaping secularism and electoral politics in India.
New Economic Policy (1991)
The adoption of liberalization, privatization, and globalization (LPG) reforms that shifted India's economic model and formed a new political consensus.
Emergence of Regional Parties
The strengthening of state-level parties representing specific linguistic, regional, or caste identities, making them kingmakers in national politics.
Important Formulas
Board Exam Info
In the Bihar (BSEB) Class 12 Political Science exam, this chapter typically carries around 6 to 10 marks. Questions frequently include Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs), short-answer questions about coalition politics or the Mandal Commission, and long-answer descriptive questions on the major shifts in Indian politics since the 1980s.
Frequently Asked Questions
What led to the rise of coalition governments in India?
The decline of the single-party dominant Congress system and the simultaneous rise of regional and state-based parties made it impossible for any single party to win a majority on its own after 1989.
Why was the implementation of the Mandal Commission important?
It recommended 27 percent reservation for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in central government jobs, which intensely altered social hierarchies and political mobilization, especially in Northern India.
What is meant by the 'new consensus' in Indian politics?
It refers to the agreement among major political parties after 1989 on accepting economic reforms (LPG), recognizing the political role of backward castes, and aligning with regional parties regardless of ideological differences.
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