Class 12 Political Science - ODISHA
Recent Developments in Indian Politics
The chapter 'Recent Developments in Indian Politics' for Class 12 Political Science covers the major political shifts in India since the late 1980s. It explores the end of Congress dominance, the rise of coalition governments, the increasing political significance of state parties, and the emergence of new social and caste groups like the Mandal Commission implementation. It also highlights the growing importance of consensus on major economic and social policies, particularly the shift toward a liberalized economy. This chapter is vital for Odisha BSE board exams as it helps students understand contemporary political dynamics and the functioning of India's vibrant multi-party democracy.
Start Learning FreeKey Concepts
Era of Coalition Governments
A period beginning in 1989 where no single political party won a clear majority, leading to governments formed by alliances of multiple parties at the national level.
Mandal Commission
Formed in 1979, its recommendation to reserve 27 percent of government jobs for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) was implemented in 1990, significantly reshaping Indian social and electoral politics.
Rise of Regional Parties
Political parties with influence limited to specific states gained massive electoral strength, playing crucial roles in national coalition governments and federal power-sharing.
Economic Reforms (1991)
The introduction of Liberalization, Privatization, and Globalization (LPG) policies that dismantled the license raj and integrated the Indian economy with global markets.
Communalism and Secularism
A period marked by intense debates surrounding the Babri Masjid demolition, Ayodhya dispute, and the political mobilization around Hindutva and secularism.
Important Formulas
Board Exam Info
This chapter typically carries around 6-8 marks in the Odisha (BSE) Class 12 Political Science board examination. Common question types include very short answer (VSA) questions on key years/events, short notes on coalition politics or the Mandal Commission, and long-answer questions discussing the major consensus and conflicts in contemporary Indian politics.
Frequently Asked Questions
Why is 1989 considered a turning point in Indian politics?
Because it marked the defeat of the Congress party and the beginning of an era of coalition governments where regional parties started playing a decisive role at the center.
What was the main recommendation of the Mandal Commission?
The Mandal Commission recommended that 27 percent of seats in central government services and educational institutions should be reserved for Other Backward Classes (OBCs).
How did regional parties change Indian federalism?
Regional parties empowered states by forcing the central government to negotiate policy decisions, leading to a more cooperative and flexible federal structure.
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