Class 12 All Formulas - Physics, Chemistry, Maths Complete 2027 | Padhaao Blog

In short: This is the MEGA formula page for Class 12 PCM — covering Physics (Electrostatics, Current Electricity, Magnetism, EMI, Optics, Modern Physics), Chemistry (Solutions, Electrochemistry, Chemical Kinetics, 15+ Organic named reactions), and Maths (all Calculus rules, Integration formulas, Matrices, Vectors, 3D Geometry, and Probability). Every formula, equation, identity, and named reaction you need for the 2027 board exam is here. The only formula sheet you need for Class 12 boards. Print this, revise daily during exam week, and walk into the exam hall confident.

Physics Formulas

Electrostatics

Formula	Expression	Notes
Coulomb's Law	F = kq₁q₂/r²	k = 1/4πε₀ = 9 × 10⁹ Nm²/C²
Electric field (point charge)	E = kq/r²	Direction: away from +ve charge
Electric field (dipole, axial)	E = 2kp/r³	p = qd (dipole moment), valid for r >> d
Electric field (dipole, equatorial)	E = kp/r³	Opposite to dipole direction
Electric potential (point charge)	V = kq/r	Scalar quantity
Potential (dipole, axial)	V = kp cos θ/r²	θ = angle with dipole axis
Potential energy	U = kq₁q₂/r	Positive for like charges
Capacitance (parallel plate)	C = ε₀A/d	A = area, d = separation
With dielectric	C = Kε₀A/d	K = dielectric constant
Capacitors in series	1/C = 1/C₁ + 1/C₂ + 1/C₃	Total capacitance decreases
Capacitors in parallel	C = C₁ + C₂ + C₃	Total capacitance increases
Energy stored	U = ½CV² = ½QV = Q²/2C	Three equivalent forms
Gauss's Law	∮E·dA = q/ε₀	Closed surface integral
Electric flux	φ = E·A cos θ	Unit: Nm²/C or V·m
Torque on dipole	τ = pE sin θ	Maximum when θ = 90°

Current Electricity

Formula	Expression	Notes
Ohm's Law	V = IR	R in Ohms (Ω)
Resistance	R = ρl/A	ρ = resistivity, l = length, A = area
Conductance	G = 1/R, σ = 1/ρ	Unit: Siemens (S)
Drift velocity	vd = eE/m = I/neA	n = number density of electrons
Current	I = neAvd	Conventional: +ve to -ve
Series resistance	R = R₁ + R₂ + R₃	Current same, voltage divides
Parallel resistance	1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃	Voltage same, current divides
Kirchhoff's Junction Rule	ΣI_in = ΣI_out	Conservation of charge
Kirchhoff's Loop Rule	ΣV = 0 (in closed loop)	Conservation of energy
Wheatstone Bridge	P/Q = R/S (balanced)	Galvanometer reads zero
Metre Bridge	R/S = l/(100 - l)	l = balancing length
Potentiometer (compare EMFs)	E₁/E₂ = l₁/l₂	l = balancing lengths
Internal resistance	r = (E/V - 1)R	E = EMF, V = terminal voltage
Power	P = VI = I²R = V²/R	Unit: Watt (W)
Energy (Joule's law)	H = I²Rt	Heat produced
EMF of cells in series	E = E₁ + E₂, r = r₁ + r₂	Same direction
EMF of cells in parallel	E = E₁ = E₂, 1/r = 1/r₁ + 1/r₂	Equal EMFs

Magnetism (Magnetic Effects of Current)

Formula	Expression	Notes
Biot-Savart Law	dB = (μ₀/4π)(Idl × r̂)/r²	μ₀ = 4π × 10⁻⁷ Tm/A
Field at centre of circular loop	B = μ₀I/2R	R = radius of loop
Field on axis of loop	B = μ₀IR²/2(R² + x²)^(3/2)	x = distance from centre
Ampere's Circuital Law	∮B·dl = μ₀I_enclosed	Closed path integral
Field inside solenoid	B = μ₀nI	n = N/l (turns per unit length)
Field inside toroid	B = μ₀nI	n = N/2πr
Force on current conductor	F = BIl sin θ	Maximum when θ = 90°
Force between parallel conductors	F/l = μ₀I₁I₂/2πd	Attractive if same direction
Force on moving charge	F = qvB sin θ	Lorentz force
Cyclotron frequency	f = qB/2πm	Independent of velocity
Cyclotron radius	r = mv/qB	Radius of circular path
Torque on current loop	τ = NIAB sin θ = M × B	M = NIA (magnetic moment)
Moving coil galvanometer	I = (C/NAB)θ	C = torsional constant

Electromagnetic Induction (EMI)

Formula	Expression	Notes
Magnetic flux	φ = BA cos θ	Unit: Weber (Wb)
Faraday's Law	EMF = -dφ/dt	Magnitude of induced EMF
Faraday's Law (N turns)	EMF = -N(dφ/dt)	N coils
Motional EMF	EMF = Bvl	Rod moving in field
Self-inductance	EMF = -L(dI/dt)	L in Henry (H)
Self-inductance of solenoid	L = μ₀n²Al	n = turns/length, A = area
Mutual inductance	EMF₂ = -M(dI₁/dt)	Coupling between coils
Energy stored in inductor	U = ½LI²	Similar to ½CV² for capacitor
AC EMF	E = E₀ sin ωt	E₀ = NBA ω
Peak and RMS values	E_rms = E₀/√2, I_rms = I₀/√2	RMS = peak/√2
Impedance (LCR)	Z = √[R² + (XL - XC)²]	XL = ωL, XC = 1/ωC
Resonant frequency	f₀ = 1/(2π√LC)	When XL = XC
Power factor	cos φ = R/Z	Maximum at resonance
Average power (AC)	P = VᵣₘₛIᵣₘₛ cos φ	cos φ = power factor
Transformer	V₁/V₂ = N₁/N₂ = I₂/I₁	Ideal transformer

Optics

Formula	Expression	Notes
Mirror formula	1/v + 1/u = 1/f	Sign convention applies
Lens formula	1/v - 1/u = 1/f	Sign convention applies
Magnification (mirror)	m = -v/u	Negative = inverted
Magnification (lens)	m = v/u	Positive = erect
Lens maker's equation	1/f = (n - 1)(1/R₁ - 1/R₂)	n = refractive index
Power of lens	P = 1/f (in metres)	Unit: Dioptre (D)
Combined lenses	P = P₁ + P₂ or 1/f = 1/f₁ + 1/f₂	In contact
Snell's Law	n₁ sin i = n₂ sin r	Refraction at interface
Critical angle	sin C = n₂/n₁ (n₁ > n₂)	For total internal reflection
Prism: deviation	δ = i₁ + i₂ - A	A = prism angle
Prism: minimum deviation	n = sin[(A + δₘ)/2] / sin(A/2)	At minimum deviation
Microscope magnification	m = -v₀/u₀ × D/fₑ (near point)	D = 25 cm
Telescope magnification	m = -f₀/fₑ	f₀ > fₑ
YDSE: path difference	Δx = yd/D	y = position, d = slit separation, D = screen distance
YDSE: fringe width	β = λD/d	λ = wavelength
YDSE: bright fringe	y = nλD/d	n = 0, 1, 2, ...
YDSE: dark fringe	y = (2n-1)λD/2d	n = 1, 2, 3, ...
Brewster's angle	tan iB = n	Polarisation angle
Malus' Law	I = I₀ cos²θ	Intensity after polariser
Single slit diffraction	a sin θ = nλ (minima)	a = slit width
Resolving power (telescope)	1/Δθ = D/1.22λ	D = aperture

Modern Physics

Formula	Expression	Notes
Photoelectric equation	KEmax = hν - φ	Einstein's equation. φ = work function
Threshold frequency	ν₀ = φ/h	Minimum frequency for emission
Stopping potential	eV₀ = hν - φ	V₀ = stopping potential
de Broglie wavelength	λ = h/mv = h/p	Particle-wave duality
de Broglie (KE form)	λ = h/√(2mKE)	Useful for numericals
de Broglie (voltage form)	λ = h/√(2meV)	Electron accelerated through V
Bohr: radius	rₙ = n²a₀/Z	a₀ = 0.529 Å (Bohr radius)
Bohr: velocity	vₙ = v₁Z/n	v₁ = 2.18 × 10⁶ m/s
Bohr: energy	Eₙ = -13.6Z²/n² eV	Negative = bound state
Hydrogen spectrum	1/λ = R(1/n₁² - 1/n₂²)	R = 1.097 × 10⁷ m⁻¹
Mass defect	Δm = [Zmp + (A-Z)mn] - M	mp = proton mass, mn = neutron mass
Binding energy	BE = Δm × 931.5 MeV	1 u = 931.5 MeV
Binding energy per nucleon	BE/A	Stability measure
Radioactive decay law	N = N₀e^(-λt)	λ = decay constant
Half-life	t₁/₂ = 0.693/λ	Time for N to become N₀/2
Activity	A = λN = A₀e^(-λt)	Unit: Becquerel (Bq)
Mass-energy equivalence	E = mc²	c = 3 × 10⁸ m/s
Nuclear fission example	²³⁵U + n → ¹⁴⁴Ba + ⁸⁹Kr + 3n	~200 MeV per fission
Nuclear fusion example	4¹H → ⁴He + 2e⁺ + 2ν + energy	~26 MeV per cycle

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Chemistry Formulas

Solutions

Formula	Expression	Notes
Molarity	M = moles of solute / litres of solution	Unit: mol/L
Molality	m = moles of solute / kg of solvent	Temperature independent
Mole fraction	χA = nA/(nA + nB)	χA + χB = 1
Raoult's Law	P = P°AχA + P°BχB	Ideal solutions
Relative lowering of vapour pressure	(P° - P)/P° = χ_solute	Colligative property
Elevation in boiling point	ΔTb = Kb × m	Kb = ebullioscopic constant
Depression in freezing point	ΔTf = Kf × m	Kf = cryoscopic constant
Osmotic pressure	π = CRT	C = molarity, R = gas constant, T = Kelvin
Van't Hoff factor	i = observed colligative property / calculated colligative property	i > 1 for dissociation, i < 1 for association
Modified formulas	ΔTb = iKbm, ΔTf = iKfm, π = iCRT	Account for dissociation/association
Henry's Law	P = KH × χ_gas	Gas solubility at partial pressure

Electrochemistry

Formula	Expression	Notes
Nernst Equation	E = E° - (RT/nF) ln Q	Standard form
Nernst Equation (at 25°C)	E = E° - (0.0591/n) log Q	Most used in numericals
E°cell	E°cathode - E°anode	Standard cell potential
Gibbs energy	ΔG° = -nFE°	Spontaneous if ΔG° < 0
Relationship	ΔG° = -nFE° = -RT ln K	Three-way relationship
Faraday's First Law	m = ZIt = (M × I × t)/(n × F)	m = mass deposited
Faraday's Second Law	m₁/m₂ = E₁/E₂	Equivalent weights ratio
Molar conductivity	Λm = κ/C	κ = conductivity, C = molarity
Kohlrausch's Law	Λ°m = ν₊λ°₊ + ν₋λ°₋	Limiting molar conductivity
Degree of dissociation	α = Λm/Λ°m	For weak electrolytes
Conductance	G = 1/R = κ × A/l	κ = specific conductance
Cell constant	l/A	Unit: cm⁻¹ or m⁻¹
Faraday constant	F = 96485 C/mol ≈ 96500 C/mol	Charge of 1 mole electrons

Chemical Kinetics

Formula	Expression	Notes
Average rate	-Δ[R]/Δt or +Δ[P]/Δt	Change in concentration over time
Rate law	Rate = k[A]^x[B]^y	x + y = order of reaction
Zero order rate law	[A] = [A]₀ - kt	Linear decrease
Zero order half-life	t₁/₂ = [A]₀/2k	Depends on initial concentration
First order rate law	k = (2.303/t) log([A]₀/[A])	Most important for boards
First order half-life	t₁/₂ = 0.693/k	Independent of concentration
First order (integrated)	ln[A] = ln[A]₀ - kt	Linear plot: ln[A] vs t
Pseudo first order	Rate = k'[A] where k' = k[B]₀	When one reactant in excess
Arrhenius equation	k = Ae^(-Ea/RT)	Ea = activation energy
Arrhenius (log form)	log(k₂/k₁) = (Ea/2.303R)(1/T₁ - 1/T₂)	Compare rates at two temperatures
Temperature coefficient	k(T+10)/k(T) ≈ 2-3	10°C rise doubles rate
Units of k (zero order)	mol L⁻¹ s⁻¹
Units of k (first order)	s⁻¹
Units of k (second order)	L mol⁻¹ s⁻¹

Organic Chemistry — Named Reactions (Minimum 15)

S.No.	Named Reaction	Reactant → Product	Reagent/Condition
1	Sandmeyer Reaction	ArN₂⁺ → ArCl / ArBr / ArCN	Cu₂Cl₂/HCl, Cu₂Br₂/HBr, CuCN/KCN
2	Wurtz Reaction	2RX → R-R	Na, dry ether
3	Williamson Synthesis	R-ONa + R'-X → R-O-R'	Heat
4	Kolbe's Reaction	Phenol + CO₂/NaOH → Salicylic acid	125°C, 4-7 atm
5	Reimer-Tiemann Reaction	Phenol + CHCl₃/NaOH → Salicylaldehyde	Heat
6	Aldol Condensation	2CH₃CHO → CH₃CH(OH)CH₂CHO	Dilute NaOH
7	Cannizzaro Reaction	2HCHO → CH₃OH + HCOONa	Conc. NaOH
8	Clemmensen Reduction	R-CO-R' → R-CH₂-R'	Zn-Hg/HCl
9	Wolff-Kishner Reduction	R-CO-R' → R-CH₂-R'	NH₂NH₂/KOH, ethylene glycol
10	Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky (HVZ)	R-CH₂COOH → R-CHBr-COOH	Br₂/P
11	Rosenmund Reduction	RCOCl → RCHO	H₂/Pd-BaSO₄ (poisoned catalyst)
12	Stephen Reduction	RCN → RCHO	SnCl₂/HCl
13	Etard Reaction	ArCH₃ → ArCHO	CrO₂Cl₂/CS₂
14	Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis	Phthalimide + RX → 1° Amine	KOH, then hydrolysis
15	Hoffmann Bromamide Degradation	RCONH₂ → RNH₂	Br₂/NaOH
16	Carbylamine Reaction (test)	R-NH₂ + CHCl₃ + 3KOH → R-NC	Test for 1° amines
17	Coupling Reaction	ArN₂⁺ + Phenol → Azo dye	NaOH, 0-5°C
18	Finkelstein Reaction	R-Cl/Br + NaI → R-I + NaCl/Br	Acetone
19	Swarts Reaction	R-Cl/Br + AgF/Hg₂F₂ → R-F	Heat
20	Gattermann Reaction	ArN₂⁺ → ArX	Cu powder / HX

Other Important Chemistry Formulas

Topic	Formula	Notes
Solid State: Density	ρ = ZM/(a³Nₐ)	Z = no. of atoms, a = edge length
FCC packing efficiency	74%	Z = 4
BCC packing efficiency	68%	Z = 2
Simple cubic packing	52.4%	Z = 1
Adsorption: Freundlich	x/m = kP^(1/n)	Log form: log(x/m) = log k + (1/n)log P
Colloidal properties	Tyndall effect, Brownian motion, Electrophoresis	Key facts for MCQs

Maths Formulas

Calculus — Differentiation Rules

Function	Derivative
xⁿ	nxⁿ⁻¹
eˣ	eˣ
aˣ	aˣ ln a
ln x	1/x
log_a x	1/(x ln a)
sin x	cos x
cos x	-sin x
tan x	sec²x
cot x	-cosec²x
sec x	sec x tan x
cosec x	-cosec x cot x
sin⁻¹x	1/√(1-x²)
cos⁻¹x	-1/√(1-x²)
tan⁻¹x	1/(1+x²)

Differentiation Rules:

Rule	Formula
Product rule	d/dx[uv] = u(dv/dx) + v(du/dx)
Quotient rule	d/dx[u/v] = [v(du/dx) - u(dv/dx)]/v²
Chain rule	dy/dx = (dy/du)(du/dx)
Logarithmic differentiation	Take log, then differentiate (for xˣ type)
Parametric differentiation	dy/dx = (dy/dt)/(dx/dt)
Second derivative	d²y/dx² = d/dx(dy/dx)

Calculus — Integration Formulas

Integral	Result
∫xⁿ dx	xⁿ⁺¹/(n+1) + C (n ≠ -1)
∫1/x dx	ln
∫eˣ dx	eˣ + C
∫aˣ dx	aˣ/ln a + C
∫sin x dx	-cos x + C
∫cos x dx	sin x + C
∫tan x dx	ln
∫cot x dx	ln
∫sec x dx	ln
∫cosec x dx	ln
∫sec²x dx	tan x + C
∫cosec²x dx	-cot x + C
∫sec x tan x dx	sec x + C
∫cosec x cot x dx	-cosec x + C
∫dx/(x² + a²)	(1/a)tan⁻¹(x/a) + C
∫dx/√(a² - x²)	sin⁻¹(x/a) + C
∫dx/(x² - a²)	(1/2a)ln
∫dx/(a² - x²)	(1/2a)ln
∫dx/√(x² + a²)	ln
∫dx/√(x² - a²)	ln
∫√(a² - x²) dx	(x/2)√(a² - x²) + (a²/2)sin⁻¹(x/a) + C
∫√(x² + a²) dx	(x/2)√(x² + a²) + (a²/2)ln

Integration by Parts: ∫u·v dx = u∫v dx - ∫[du/dx · ∫v dx] dx

ILATE Rule (priority for choosing u): Inverse trig → Logarithmic → Algebraic → Trigonometric → Exponential

Special form: ∫eˣ[f(x) + f'(x)] dx = eˣf(x) + C

Definite Integral Properties

Property	Expression
∫ₐᵇ f(x)dx	-∫ᵇₐ f(x)dx
∫ₐᵇ f(x)dx	∫ₐᶜ f(x)dx + ∫ᶜᵇ f(x)dx
∫ₐᵇ f(x)dx	∫ₐᵇ f(a + b - x)dx
∫₀ᵃ f(x)dx	∫₀ᵃ f(a - x)dx (King's property)
∫₀²ᵃ f(x)dx	2∫₀ᵃ f(x)dx if f(2a-x) = f(x); 0 if f(2a-x) = -f(x)
∫₋ₐᵃ f(x)dx	2∫₀ᵃ f(x)dx if f(-x) = f(x) (even); 0 if f(-x) = -f(x) (odd)

Matrices and Determinants

Operation	Formula
Matrix addition	[A + B]ᵢⱼ = aᵢⱼ + bᵢⱼ
Scalar multiplication	[kA]ᵢⱼ = k · aᵢⱼ
Matrix multiplication	[AB]ᵢⱼ = Σ aᵢₖ · bₖⱼ
Transpose	(Aᵀ)ᵢⱼ = Aⱼᵢ
Symmetric matrix	Aᵀ = A
Skew-symmetric matrix	Aᵀ = -A
Any matrix decomposition	A = ½(A + Aᵀ) + ½(A - Aᵀ)
Determinant (2×2)
Determinant (3×3)	Expand along any row/column using cofactors
Adjoint	adj(A) = transpose of cofactor matrix
Inverse	A⁻¹ = adj(A)/
Solving AX = B	X = A⁻¹B
Cramer's Rule	x = D₁/D, y = D₂/D, z = D₃/D
Property
Property
Property

Vectors

Formula	Expression
Magnitude
Unit vector	â = a⃗/
Dot product	a⃗·b⃗ = a₁b₁ + a₂b₂ + a₃b₃ =
Cross product magnitude
Cross product (component form)	a⃗ × b⃗ = (a₂b₃ - a₃b₂)î - (a₁b₃ - a₃b₁)ĵ + (a₁b₂ - a₂b₁)k̂
Scalar triple product	[a⃗ b⃗ c⃗] = a⃗·(b⃗ × c⃗)
Area of parallelogram
Area of triangle	½
Volume of parallelepiped
Coplanarity condition	[a⃗ b⃗ c⃗] = 0
Projection of a⃗ on b⃗	(a⃗·b⃗)/
Angle between vectors	cos θ = (a⃗·b⃗)/(
Perpendicular condition	a⃗·b⃗ = 0
Parallel condition	a⃗ × b⃗ = 0⃗

3D Geometry

Formula	Expression
Direction cosines	cos α, cos β, cos γ where l² + m² + n² = 1
Direction ratios to cosines	l = a/√(a²+b²+c²), m = b/√(a²+b²+c²), n = c/√(a²+b²+c²)
Distance between two points	√[(x₂-x₁)² + (y₂-y₁)² + (z₂-z₁)²]
Equation of line (vector)	r⃗ = a⃗ + λb⃗
Equation of line (Cartesian)	(x-x₁)/a = (y-y₁)/b = (z-z₁)/c
Line through two points	(x-x₁)/(x₂-x₁) = (y-y₁)/(y₂-y₁) = (z-z₁)/(z₂-z₁)
Angle between lines	cos θ =
Equation of plane (vector)	r⃗·n̂ = d
Equation of plane (Cartesian)	ax + by + cz + d = 0
Plane through 3 points	Use determinant form
Intercept form	x/a + y/b + z/c = 1
Distance of point from plane
Angle between planes	cos θ =
Shortest distance between skew lines	d =
Distance between parallel lines	d =

Probability

Formula	Expression
Conditional probability	P(A
Multiplication theorem	P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B
Independent events	P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B)
Bayes' Theorem	P(Aᵢ
Total probability	P(B) = ΣP(Aᵢ)P(B
Binomial distribution	P(X = r) = ⁿCᵣ pʳ qⁿ⁻ʳ
Mean (Binomial)	μ = np
Variance (Binomial)	σ² = npq
Standard deviation	σ = √(npq)
ⁿCᵣ	n! / [r!(n-r)!]

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Property	Expression
sin⁻¹x + cos⁻¹x	π/2
tan⁻¹x + cot⁻¹x	π/2
sec⁻¹x + cosec⁻¹x	π/2
tan⁻¹x + tan⁻¹y	tan⁻¹[(x+y)/(1-xy)] when xy < 1
tan⁻¹x - tan⁻¹y	tan⁻¹[(x-y)/(1+xy)] when xy > -1
2tan⁻¹x	sin⁻¹[2x/(1+x²)] = cos⁻¹[(1-x²)/(1+x²)] = tan⁻¹[2x/(1-x²)]
sin⁻¹(-x)	-sin⁻¹x
cos⁻¹(-x)	π - cos⁻¹x
tan⁻¹(-x)	-tan⁻¹x

Principal Value Ranges:

Function	Range
sin⁻¹x	[-π/2, π/2]
cos⁻¹x	[0, π]
tan⁻¹x	(-π/2, π/2)
cot⁻¹x	(0, π)
sec⁻¹x	[0, π] - {π/2}
cosec⁻¹x	[-π/2, π/2] - {0}

Relations and Functions Key Facts

Concept	Definition
Reflexive	(a, a) ∈ R for all a
Symmetric	(a, b) ∈ R ⟹ (b, a) ∈ R
Transitive	(a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R ⟹ (a, c) ∈ R
Equivalence	Reflexive + Symmetric + Transitive
One-one (injective)	f(a) = f(b) ⟹ a = b
Onto (surjective)	Range = Codomain
Bijective	One-one + Onto
Composition	(fog)(x) = f(g(x))
Inverse exists	Only if f is bijective

How to Use This Formula Sheet

Strategy	Details
Print it	Have a physical copy for daily revision during exam week
Read daily	Spend 30-40 minutes daily going through relevant sections
Physics first	Electrostatics, Current Electricity, and Optics carry the most numerical marks
Chemistry reactions	Go through all 20 named reactions with products and conditions
Maths integration	Integration formulas need the most practice — know all standard forms by heart
Test yourself	Cover the formula column and try to recall from the description
Mark weak areas	Highlight formulas you keep forgetting and revise them twice daily

Frequently Asked Questions

How many formulas are in this sheet?

This sheet contains approximately 300+ formulas, equations, and named reactions across Physics, Chemistry, and Maths. Physics has about 100 formulas, Chemistry has about 80 formulas plus 20 named reactions, and Maths has about 100+ formulas and identities. Not all need equal attention — focus on the ones from high-weightage chapters first.

Which Physics formulas are most important?

The top 10 are: Coulomb's Law, Ohm's Law, Kirchhoff's Laws, Wheatstone Bridge, Biot-Savart Law, Faraday's Law, Lens/Mirror formula, YDSE fringe width, Photoelectric equation, and Nernst equation. These alone cover approximately 40 marks of the Physics paper.

Which Chemistry formulas carry the most marks?

Nernst Equation, Raoult's Law, Arrhenius equation, first-order kinetics rate law, and half-life formula are the most-tested numerical formulas. For Organic Chemistry, the 20 named reactions collectively carry 8-12 marks.

Which Maths formulas should I memorise first?

Start with all differentiation and integration standard forms — Calculus is 44% of the paper. Then memorise the 3D Geometry formulas (shortest distance, equation of plane) and Probability (Bayes' Theorem, Binomial distribution). These cover approximately 50 marks out of 80.

Is this formula sheet valid for JEE and NEET too?

Yes, all formulas here are valid for JEE and NEET. However, competitive exams may require deeper application and additional formulas beyond what is listed here. This sheet covers 100% of board requirements and approximately 70-80% of JEE/NEET formula requirements.

Should I make my own formula sheet or use this one?

Both. Writing formulas by hand activates motor memory and improves retention. Use this sheet as a reference and master copy, and create your own handwritten version for revision. The act of writing helps you remember better than passive reading.

How should I revise formulas in the last week?

Divide the sheet into 3 days: Day 1 = Physics, Day 2 = Chemistry, Day 3 = Maths. Then repeat the cycle. Spend 40 minutes per session. On the night before each exam, read only that subject's section. Do not try to memorise everything at once — focus on the top 20 formulas per subject.

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Padhaao covers every Class 12 PCM chapter with interactive formula application, step-by-step numerical solving, and chapter-wise quizzes across 10 learning modes. Use this formula sheet alongside Padhaao to turn memorised formulas into exam-ready problem-solving skills.

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Class 12 All Formulas - Physics, Chemistry, Maths Complete 2027