Class 12 Chemistry - HARYANA
Biomolecules
The Biomolecules chapter in Class 12 Chemistry explores the complex chemical compounds that form the structural and functional basis of living organisms. Haryana (BSEH) students will study carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, and lipids. You will learn about the classification of carbohydrates, the peptide bonds in proteins, the primary and secondary structures of DNA and RNA, and the classification of vitamins as water-soluble or fat-soluble. This chapter is vital for board exams because it bridges organic chemistry with biology, frequently featuring direct questions on structures, classifications, and enzyme functions.
Start Learning FreeKey Concepts
Carbohydrates
Optically active polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones, classified as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides based on hydrolysis behavior.
Proteins
High molecular mass polymers of alpha-amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, possessing primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structures.
Nucleic Acids
Biopolymers consisting of nucleotides (pentose sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate group) namely DNA and RNA, responsible for heredity and protein synthesis.
Vitamins
Organic compounds required in small amounts for normal health, growth, and development, classified into fat-soluble (A, D, E, K) and water-soluble (B-complex and C).
Enzymes
Biocatalysts produced by living cells that are extremely specific and efficient in catalyzing biochemical reactions in biological systems.
Important Formulas
Board Exam Info
In the Haryana (BSEH) Class 12 Chemistry board exam, Biomolecules typically carries around 4 to 6 marks. Questions often include differentiating between reducing and non-reducing sugars, explaining denaturation of proteins, defining the linkage between nucleotides, and identifying vitamin deficiency diseases.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between reducing and non-reducing sugars?
Reducing sugars contain free aldehydic or ketonic groups and can reduce Tollens' or Fehling's solution (e.g., glucose, fructose). Non-reducing sugars have their carbonyl groups involved in glycosidic bond formation and do not reduce these reagents (e.g., sucrose).
What happens during the denaturation of proteins?
During denaturation, the native 3D structure of a protein is disrupted by physical changes like heat or chemical changes like pH alteration, destroying its secondary and tertiary structures while leaving the primary structure intact.
What is the difference between DNA and RNA in terms of sugars and bases?
DNA contains beta-D-2-deoxyribose sugar and nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. RNA contains beta-D-ribose sugar and uses uracil in place of thymine.
Learn Biomolecules with Your AI Tutor
10 different ways to study this chapter. Free for 3 chapters per day.
Lecture
Key Points
Interactive
Quiz
Flashcards