Biodiversity and Conservation

Levels of Biodiversity

Biodiversity exists at three hierarchical levels: genetic diversity (variation within species), species diversity (richness and abundance of species within a region), and ecological diversity (variety of ecosystems like deserts, rain forests, and mangroves).

Latitudinal Gradients in Biodiversity

Species diversity generally decreases as we move away from the equator towards the poles, making tropical regions biodiversity hotspots due to consistent climates and high solar energy.

The Evil Quartet

The four major causes driving accelerated biodiversity loss are Habitat loss and fragmentation, Over-exploitation, Alien species invasions, and Co-extinctions.

In-situ Conservation

The conservation of species within their natural habitats, such as National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and Biosphere Reserves, allowing populations to maintain and evolve in their natural surroundings.

Ex-situ Conservation

The conservation of endangered species outside their natural habitats in specialized facilities like zoological parks, botanical gardens, cryopreservation, and seed banks.