Equilibrium

Dynamic Equilibrium

A state in a reversible reaction where the rate of the forward reaction becomes equal to the rate of the backward reaction, and macroscopic properties remain constant.

Law of Chemical Equilibrium

At a constant temperature, the product of molar concentrations of products raised to their stoichiometric coefficients divided by the product of reactant concentrations is a constant called the equilibrium constant.

Le Chatelier's Principle

If a system at equilibrium is subjected to a change in concentration, temperature, or pressure, the system shifts in a direction that tends to undo or counteract the effect of the change.

Ionic Equilibrium

The equilibrium established between unionized molecules and ions in solutions of weak electrolytes, governed by the Ostwald's Dilution Law and acid-base theories like Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis.

Buffer Solutions

Solutions that resist change in pH upon the addition of small amounts of strong acid or strong base, crucial for maintaining biological and chemical systems.

Solubility Product (Ksp)

The product of the concentrations of ions in a saturated solution of a sparingly soluble salt at a given temperature, raised to the power of their stoichiometric coefficients.