Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

Restriction Enzymes

Known as molecular scissors, these enzymes cut DNA at specific recognition sequences, creating sticky or blunt ends essential for inserting foreign DNA into a vector.

Cloning Vectors

DNA molecules like plasmids and bacteriophages used to carry foreign genetic material into another cell so the gene can be replicated and expressed.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

An in vitro technique used to amplify a specific segment of DNA rapidly through repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension.

Gel Electrophoresis

A laboratory technique that separates DNA fragments based on their size and electrical charge by forcing them through an agarose gel.

Downstream Processing

The final stage of biotechnology involving the separation and purification of the biosynthetic product before it is ready for commercial marketing.